1.
Composting and
Recycling Municipal Solid Waste,
L.F. Diaz, G.M. Savage, L.L. Eggerth,
and C.G. Golueke, Lewis Publishers, Inc.,
Boca Raton, Florida, 1993
Composting and Recycling Municipal
Solid Waste is a comprehensive guide
that identifies, describes, explains,
and evaluates the options available when
composting and recycling municipal solid
wastes (MSW). The book begins with an
introductory chapter on the nature of
MSW and the importance of solid waste
management programs and resource recovery.
Chapter 2 discusses MSW storage and collection,
with emphasis on recyclables. Chapter
3 examines issues involved in determining
the quantity, composition, and key physical
characteristics of the MSW to be managed
and processed. The book's other chapters
cover topics such as the steps required
for processing MSW for materials recovery,
the use of uncomposted organic matter
as a soil amendment, composting and use
of compost product, the marketing of recyclables,
biogasification, and integrated waste
management.
Composting and Recycling Municipal
Solid Waste provides essential information
needed by solid waste professionals, consultants,
regulators, and planners to arrive at
rational decisions regarding available
economic and technological resources for
MSW composting and recycling.
2.
Solid Waste Management
for Economically Developing Countries,
L.F. Diaz, G.M. Savage, L.L. Eggerth,
and C.G. Golueke, in association with
International Solid Waste Association
(ISWA), 1996
This book is based on more than 20 years
of firsthand experience of the authors,
in countries throughout the world. The
book addresses key issues associated with
the management of municipal wastes generated
in economically developing countries.
It presents principles of solid waste
management, processing and treatment,
final disposal, environmental and regulatory
considerations, economic instruments,
economic analysis and financial issues,
policy options, and information management
systems.
At the international level, the management
of municipal solid waste is drawing considerable
attention. The attention has recently
heightened due to the potential of poorly
managed solid waste to have a significant
adverse effect on: 1) the public health
(e.g., impact of CFCs from discarded white
goods on the ozone layer); and 2) the
world's ecosystem through the production
of greenhouse gases in land disposal facilities.
Consequently, the generation and management
of solid wastes cannot be ignored in developing
countries.
Those involved in or concerned about solid
waste management in developing countries
need reliable and objective information
to conduct analyses, perform experiments,
modify programs and systems, and make
decisions. The publication covers all
of the basic steps necessary to evaluate
the performance of existing systems; to
make modifications to increase efficiency
and reduce costs; and to design and integrate
resource recovery systems (recycling,
composting, biogasification, thermal conversion)
and sanitary landfilling. In addition,
the book addresses important non-technical
issues, which oftentimes are overlooked
in the design and implementation of solid
waste management systems, such as regulatory
and economic considerations, financial
arrangements, policy options, and information
management systems.
3.
Handbook of Solid
Waste Properties, CalRecovery,
Inc., published by Governmental Advisory
Associates, Inc., New York, New York,
1993
The Handbook of Solid Waste Properties
provides a compendium of detailed statistical
data covering solid waste and its fractions
and components collected by CalRecovery
over the period 1965 through 1991. The
information, presented in various tabular
formats, can be used to analyze historical
trends in the properties of solid wastes,
as well as in system design and in assessments
of the environmental impacts of waste
management alternatives.
4.
Material Recovery
Facility Design Manual, CalRecovery,
Inc. and PEER Consultants, published by
C.K. Smoley, 1993
Material Recovery Facility Design
Manual is a comprehensive guide to
the technical and economic aspects of
materials recovery facility (MRF) equipment
and technology. The book provides valuable
information on equipment and methods for
separating and handling separable of source-separated
recyclables in a typical municipal solid
waste stream. For each individual constituent
of the solid waste stream, alternative
approaches are identified for separation
and recovery. For each piece of equipment,
the book covers design, theory of operation,
sizing, and equipment needs (e.g., shredders,
balers).
Descriptions in the book address limitations
on material in the feed to the equipment,
area requirements, building requirements,
possible siting and permitting requirements,
industrial health concerns, and the level
of operator experience and training needed
for proper operation.
Economic factors discussed include purchase
price, utility requirements, maintenance
costs, labor costs, auxiliary equipment
purchase needs, sizing, space requirements,
redundancy requirements, and all aspects
necessary for the development of performance
and equipment specifications.
5.
Guidance for Landfilling
Waste in Economically Developing Countries,
L.F. Diaz, G.M. Savage, C.G. Golueke,
C. Martone, and R.K. Ham, in association
with the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, the International Solid Waste
Association (ISWA), and U.S. Technology
for International Environmental Solutions,
1998
This publication offers guidance on all
aspects of the planning and implementation
of landfills in economically developing
areas. The intended audience includes
municipal officials, as well as solid
waste managers, engineers, and planners.
Covered within the 18 chapters of the
document is guidance on the siting, design,
and operation of landfills. Equally important,
the social, economic, and institutional
topics relevant to developing landfills
in economically developing areas are also
discussed. The guiding principle of the
publication is the application of good
landfill practices within the conditions
and availability of resources prevailing
in large urban cities and in small communities
in economically developing areas. The
guidance also considers a common occurrence
in economically developing areas, namely
that solid wastes and hazardous wastes
are disposed of together on the land.
1.
"The City of
San José's Organic Waste Management
Program," L.L. Eggerth, L.F.
Diaz, and S. Bantillo, Proceedings
of the International Conference ORBIT
2001 on Biological Processing of Waste:
A Product-Oriented Perspective, Part I,
presented at ORBIT 2001, Seville, Spain,
May 2001
The City of San José, California,
USA has a widely recognized integrated
waste management program and is currently
diverting close to 50% of its waste stream
from landfill disposal. The program encompasses
a variety of wastes from the residential,
commercial, industrial, and civic generator
sectors. A key objective of the City's
waste management program is to divert
as much of the municipal solid waste from
disposal at landfills as is technically
and economically feasible. Organic wastes
management is an important part of the
overall program. Yard trimmings are collected
from single-family residential units;
multi-family residential units (e.g.,
apartments, condominiums); and from civic
generators (e.g., parks, City offices),
and are processed and marketed. Careful
planning, public input, and innovative
design have resulted in a successful program,
which represents a diversion rate of 27%
of generated residential wastes. This
paper begins with an explanation of the
pilot tests and their importance to program
design, then presents the full-scale program
and its associated costs, and ends with
a discussion of ongoing activities.
2.
"Composting
Municipal Solid Wastes," L.F.
Diaz, G.M. Savage, C.G. Golueke, and L.L.
Eggerth, presented at Innovation in the
Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Seminar,
Madrid, Spain, June 2000, "El Compostaje
de los Residuos Municipales," La
Innovación en el Tratamiento de
los Residuos Municipales, June 2000
This discussion addresses the key considerations
with regard to the planning and implementation
of municipal waste composting systems.
In the simplest terms, four steps must
be taken in the planning and implementation
of the design of any solid waste management
operation involving the composting of
more than a few tons of organic waste
per day. The steps are: 1) determine the
composition and quantity of the community's
waste stream, 2) define the role of composting,
3) identify markets for the compost product
and product characteristics pertinent
to meeting specifications demanded by
regulation and prospective users, and
4) develop an appropriate (integrated)
system design that considers storage at
the point of generation and embraces collection
and processing to produce a suitable compost
feedstock.
Although municipal solid waste (MSW) and
yard and food wastes are the wastes of
concern in this presentation, much of
the information is applicable to all biodegradable
wastes. Examples of other types of biodegradable
wastes are animal manures and municipal
sewage sludge.
This paper discusses each of the critical
steps required for the implementation
of a successful composting program.
3.
"Integrated
Solid Waste Management in the United States,"
L.F. Diaz, G.M. Savage, and L.L. Eggerth,
presented at International Seminar on
Integrated Solid Waste Management, Buenos
Aires, Argentina, June 2000
Practices for the management of solid
waste in the United States have undergone
major changes during the past 20 years.
During this time period, solid waste management
has shifted from primarily collection
and land disposal methods to the application
of a variety of methods aimed at the diversion
of wastes from the landfill through material
recovery (recycling, composting) and energy
recovery.
Experience has demonstrated that all of
the methods used for diverting wastes
from land disposal must be carefully planned
and properly designed such that the primary
objectives are met without having a negative
impact on the environment and are cost
and energy efficient. In addition, the
majority of the methods require a strong
public participation in the selection
and in the operation of the particular
program.
One of the most successful approaches
is known as "integrated solid waste
management" and it involves the careful
coordination of the non-technical aspects
of wastes management (social, political,
financial, regulatory, public participation
and others) with all of the major phases
of technical process (storage, collection,
transport, and treatment). Unfortunately,
in many cases the integration is limited
to the technical aspects of the process
and thus the success and effectiveness
of the systems are limited.
This paper describes the current situation
of MSW management in the United States
emphasizing the levels of waste diversion
achieved through the integration of various
approaches.
4.
"The Role of
Recycling and Composting in the Management
of Solid Wastes," L.F. Diaz,
C.G. Golueke, and G.M. Savage, presented
at International Seminar on Integrated
Solid Waste Management, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, June 2000
The needs to conserve resources, to protect
the environment, and to optimize solid
waste management systems have led to the
consideration, development, and implementation
of a number of solid waste management
strategies and systems. Furthermore, these
needs have demonstrated the fact that
solid waste management system designs
must be carefully designed and tailored
to local conditions. Local conditions
are many and include, but are not limited
to: 1) the quantity and characteristics
of the waste, 2) the level of training
of the solid waste management staff, 3)
capacity to finance capital improvements,
4) availability and limitations of human
resources, 5) availability of spare parts
and trained maintenance staff, and 6)
markets for secondary materials that can
be recovered from discarded materials.
Last, in terms of provision of basic solid
waste management systems, the analysis
must cover the spectrum from the time
the wastes are placed out for collection
(setout), through collection and processing,
and through ultimate disposal.
This paper describes the key components
of the solid waste management system and,
in particular, the role that recycling
and composting play in modern programs.
5.
"Development
of a Sanitary Landfill in American Samoa,"
G.M. Savage, M. Dworsky, and L.F. Diaz,
ISWA 1999/2000 Yearbook, 168-174, December
1999
Recently the Territory of American Samoa,
a group of islands in the South Pacific
having a population of about 55,000, made
substantial improvements in its solid
waste management system by implementing
a sanitary landfill. The effort included
the proper closure of the existing disposal
area and the commencement of a new disposal
facility adjacent to the closed disposal
area. Substantial planning and data acquisition
preceded the design effort for the landfill
expansion in order to provide a firm foundation
for the design. The design of the new
landfill facility included sub-surface
investigations and other studies in order
to develop a disposal facility that would
protect the island's delicate environment
and that would be sustainable and affordable.
Education and training in landfill operations
and management also was a key component
of instituting sanitary landfilling practice
on the island.
6.
"Mechanical
and Biological Pretreatment of MSW,"
L.F. Diaz and G.M. Savage, presented at
SARDINIA 99, Cagliari, Italy, October
1999, SARDINIA 99 Seventh Waste Management
and Landfill Symposium Proceedings, Vol.
I: Landfill Processes and Waste Pre-Treatment,
371-378, S. Margherita di Pula, Cagliari,
Sardinia, Italy, October 1999
Judicious design of pretreatment systems
for managing solid wastes serves to optimally
recover resources and therefore to minimize
disposal of residues on land. This paper
discusses preprocessing system design
and several experiments that have been
conducted to determine the feasibility
of pretreating mixed municipal solid waste
for the optimal recovery of materials
and/or energy. The mechanical processing
was conducted at the pilot-scale using
a variety of unit processes to separate
several fractions. A paper fraction was
recovered which was suitable either for
the production of new paper or for combustion.
A highly putrescible fraction also was
recovered and anaerobically digested to
recover a gaseous fuel product. The anaerobic
digestion experiments were carried out
at both the lab- and pilot-scales. This
paper describes the various processes
used, the level and quality of materials
recovered, as well as the results of the
anaerobic digestion tests. The results
of the work are applicable to the design
of processing systems for the recovery
of materials and of energy and to the
design of sustainable systems for urban
areas.
7.
"Methods of
Evaluating Collection Efficiency and Costs,"
G.M. Savage, L.F. Diaz, and L.L. Eggerth,
presented at WASTECON 1999, Reno, Nevada,
October 1999
Since collection is one of the more costly
aspects of managing the overall cost of
solid waste management systems, the proper
design and operation of the collection
service is critical to managing system
cost. The variety of types of service
and of collection technologies makes their
evaluation and comparison a challenging
task. Types of service include collection
of mixed waste and of source-separated
recyclables and organic materials. Collection
technologies include those in which loading
of material into the vehicles occurs using
manual, semi-automatic, or automatic systems.
This paper describes methods of analyzing
collection systems and of estimating and
comparing their technical performance
and cost. The key cost elements of collection
are described, along with their influence
and contribution to the cost of collection
operations. Also described are the key
assumptions and conditions that should
be defined as part of the analysis. Collection
costs are sensitive to several key parameters,
and these sensitivities are also described
in the paper. Results are presented for
collection analyses that the authors have
conducted previously for several communities
in order to determine the optimum configuration
for the collection system and the associated
costs.
8.
"Managing Solid
Wastes Generated by Natural Disasters,"
G.M. Savage and L.F. Diaz, Construction
Materials Recycler, 1(18):1-6, September
1999
"Management of Natural Disaster
Debris, Part 2," G.M. Savage
and L.F. Diaz, Construction Materials
Recycler, 1(19):1-5, October 1999
The debris generated by natural disasters
is similar in composition in many cases
to that typical of construction and demolition
(C&D) waste. Consequently, many of
the methods used to manage C&D waste
are applicable to managing natural disaster
debris (NDD). For example, methods used
to transport, process, and dispose C&D
waste are applicable to NDD. Also, many
of the problems associated with the handling
and processing of debris from a natural
disaster are similar to those encountered
in the management of C&D waste. Examined
in this article are the three main points
to consider when developing plans to manage
NDD: magnitude of the problem, management
of the debris, and characteristics and
composition of the debris.
9.
"Assessing Waste
Quantities & Properties: A Vital Requirement
for Successful Solid Waste Management
Planning," G.M. Savage, Warmer
Bulletin, 49:18-22, May 1996
Waste characterization is a critical phase
in the planning of solid waste management
systems and in their operation and performance.
In this article, waste characterization
is generally defined to include descriptions
of the quantities and of the properties
of solid waste and the materials that
comprise it. These two general areas (i.e.,
quantities and properties) can be divided
and organized further depending on the
circumstances.
The quantification can be, and in practice
is, divided into categories of generators
(e.g., residential, commercial, and others),
as well as a variety of subcategories
(e.g., single-family, office buildings,
auto repair shops). Similarly, the properties
can be and are broken down into a number
of categories. The categories include,
but are not limited to, physical, chemical,
thermal, and biological properties. These
categories also contain subcategories,
e.g., heating value is a thermal property.
10.
"Overview of
Solid Waste Management in Economically
Developing Countries," L.F. Diaz,
G.M. Savage, and L.L. Eggerth, presented
at ORBIT 99, Weimar, Germany, September
1999, Proceedings of the International
Conference ORBIT 99 on Biological Treatment
of Waste and the Environment, Part III,
749-757, September 1999
Inefficient collection methods, insufficient
coverage of the collection system, combined
with improper disposal of municipal solid
wastes and contaminated sources of water
supply, are major threats to public health
and environmental quality in developing
countries. This paper presents a review
of some of the most important technical
and non-technical issues confronting developing
countries in the management of their solid
wastes. Some of the non-technical aspects
include costs, policy, institutional aspects,
and regulatory matters, as well as human
resources. The paper summarizes some of
the most important problems and proposes
and some solutions.
11.
"Privatization
of Solid Waste Services in Developing
Countries," L.L. Eggerth, G.M.
Savage, and L.F. Diaz, presented at ORBIT
99, Weimar, Germany, September 1999
The inadequacy of the solid waste management
system combined with a lack of available
resources has in many developing countries
created an interest in privatizing waste
collection and disposal services. Of paramount
importance to a successful and sustainable
private sector participation is careful
planning at each stage of the process.
This includes: clear understanding of
the options related to privatization,
careful evaluation of the solid waste
needs of the community, consideration
of specific issues relevant to the community,
a carefully-conducted procurement process,
and conscientious monitoring of the resulting
contracts.
12.
"Resource Recovery
from Municipal Solid Wastes in Latin America
and the Caribbean," L.F. Diaz,
G.M. Savage, and L.L. Eggerth, presented
at First International Workshop on Minimization
and Recycling of Solid Waste, sponsored
by CEAMSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May
1999
An overview of the existing situation
regarding the management of municipal
solid wastes in Latin American and the
Caribbean is presented. In the paper,
a brief discussion is made of the socio-economic
situation and the impact solid waste management
has on environmental management in the
region. The paper also discusses important
technical matters related to the management
of solid waste, from waste characterization
to final disposal. Specific reference
is made to the various processes used
in the recovery of resources from municipal
solid waste. In addition, a brief presentation
is made of non-technical matters such
as policy, administrative, legal, institutional,
and financial issues.
13.
"Sustainable
Community Systems: The Role of Integrated
Solid Waste Management," L.F.
Diaz, G.M. Savage, and C.G. Golueke, Warmer
Bulletin, 66:20-22, May 1999
An approach to the design of sustainable
systems for meeting the basic urban services,
as well as the food and energy requirements,
of communities of different sizes is discussed,
using integrated systems as a common design
feature. The presentation begins with
a definition of a sustainable system and
includes discussions on integrated solid
waste management and defining the system
boundary. Some components of the overall
system (solid waste, wastewater treatment,
food production, energy production, and
others) are described, along with the
characteristics that are common among
two or more of the components, thus enabling
their meshing into integrated systems.
Examples of integrated and sustainable
systems are presented in the form of material
and energy balances, including one integrated
system composed of solid waste management,
wastewater treatment, energy production,
and food production facilities. In this
example, nutrient and energy requirements
are used as the common bases of design
and integration.
14.
"Requests for
Proposals for Privatization,"
L.L. Eggerth, presented at Asia-North-American
Waste Management Conference, sponsored
by The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME), Los Angeles, California,
December 1998, Proceedings from ANACON
'98, pp. 365-371
Since the 1970s, there has been a trend
toward the privatization of solid waste
management services in many parts of the
world. Before a decision is made to privatize
services, a thorough analysis of the privatization
option should be conducted. Goals and
objectives need to be established, the
scope of services defined, and the advantages
and disadvantages carefully weighed. Typically,
the following types of issues need to
be addressed during the process: political,
management, financial, contractual, service-related,
competition, human resources, and public
support.
Once a decision has been made to privatize
one or more solid waste services, the
next key step is the preparation of the
Request for Proposals (RFP) document.
Preparation of a comprehensive and carefully
written RFP is essential to minimize risk
to the municipality during the procurement
process and to ensure the implementation
of services that meet the needs of the
community. A comprehensive RFP generally
addresses the following topic areas: summary,
project background information, description
of the procurement process, instructions
for preparation of proposal, scope of
services, and business arrangements. It
would also include technical, cost, and
contract-related forms to be completed
by proposers, as well as a draft of the
contract agreement, both of which serve
to streamline the contract negotiation
process.
15.
"Solid Waste
Management in American Samoa,"
G.M. Savage and M. Dworsky, presented
at Asia-North-American Waste Management
Conference, sponsored by The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
Los Angeles, California, December 1998,
Proceedings from ANACON '98, pp.
387-393
The Territory of American Samoa (population
of about 55,000) in the South Pacific
is in the process of improving its solid
waste management system on Tutuila Island.
Currently, American Samoa is implementing
a new collection system and is expanding
its landfill. The design of both of these
systems was prepared based on the local
conditions and on modern solid waste management
practices. Substantial data acquisition
preceded the design efforts for the collection
system and for the landfill expansion
in order to provide a firm foundation
for the designs. A waste characterization
study was conducted to support the entire
solid waste management plan for Tutuila.
A recent and comprehensive process was
conducted to procure collection services
for the island, including the development
of performance specifications and of extensive
reporting requirements to aid in the management
of wastes. The design of the landfill
extension included sub-surface investigations
and other studies in order to develop
a landfill facility that would protect
the island's delicate environment and
that would be affordable. Education and
training in solid waste management was
also seen as an important element and,
consequently, has been used during the
planning process and implementation of
both the new collection system and the
landfill expansion.
16.
"The Application
of Micro-Enterprises in the Management
of Solid Wastes in Economically Developing
Countries," L.F. Diaz, presented
at SWANA's WASTECON 1998/ISWA World
Congress 1998, Charlotte, North Carolina,
October 1998, Proceedings from WASTECON/ISWA
World Congress 1998, 621-628, October
1998
It has been amply reported that the management
of solid wastes has become a serious problem
in a number of economically developing
countries throughout the world. The problem
is even more acute in large metropolitan
areas, or "mega cities," which
have been forced to absorb a relatively
large influx of immigrants per year. The
migration from the rural areas to the
urban areas has continually increased
during the past few years, particularly
in metropolitan areas located in the Latin
American region.
Migrants from the rural areas generally
establish human settlements in the periphery
of the metropolitan areas. The relatively
high influx of people into these areas
is taxing the ability of most municipalities
to provide basic services to the human
settlements. Typically, human settlements
lack all basic sanitation services: water
supply, sewerage, and solid waste collection
and disposal.
This paper describes a viable alternative
to conventional approaches for the provision
of collection, treatment, and disposal
of solid waste services. In this alternative,
members of the community are encouraged
and assisted to form micro-enterprises
for the provision of the services. The
paper also describes the various steps
that are required to form the enterprises,
as well as the efforts that are necessary
to make it a successful venture. Some
of these efforts include public participation,
political consensus, public education,
and financial viability.
The paper briefly discusses some of the
experiences learned in a recent program
developed for several human settlements
in Lima, Peru. In Lima, four micro-enterprises
were established to provide solid waste
collection and recycling services to more
than 20,000 dwellings.
17.
"The City of
San José's Integrated Waste Management
Program: A Case Study for Reaching High
Levels of Diversion," L.F. Diaz,
G.M. Savage, L.L. Eggerth, and S. Bantillo,
to be published in Journal of Material
Cycles and Waste Management, Official
Journal of the Japan Society of Waste
Management Experts
The City of San José, California,
USA has a widely recognized integrated
waste management program and is currently
diverting close to 50% of its waste stream
from landfill disposal. This paper presents
descriptions of the residential and commercial
components of the City's waste management
program. Information is presented on performance
(e.g., types and quantities of materials
that are collected, processed, and disposed),
customer service, and costs associated
with the program.
18.
"Current Practices
and Future Development of Construction
and Demolition Waste Management - The
International Perspective," L.F.
Diaz and G.M. Savage, proceedings of Seminar
on Environmental Issues in the Construction
Industry, Hong Kong, September 1998
Up until recently, construction and demolition
(C&D) debris generated in industrialized
countries has been disposed with other
urban solid wastes in land disposal sites.
Segregation and processing of C&D
debris was primarily developed as a response
to the high costs associated with its
disposal and, secondarily, as the result
of the shortages of building materials
in some areas. The costs associated with
the treatment of municipal solid waste
lead to the imposition of regulations
requiring the segregation and separate
disposal of C&D debris. Since the
early 1980s, separate disposal of C&D
debris has usually meant the use of mono-fills
(landfills specially used for the disposal
of a single type of waste) in the United
States. In addition, some of the large
municipalities, or municipalities located
in large metropolitan areas, in the United
States developed and implemented special
disposal sites to receive tree stumps
resulting from land clearing and pits
to accept residue from asphalt paving.
This paper discusses the main objectives
of processing C&D. To help ensure
that the term is well understood, the
article begins with a definition of the
materials under discussion. This is followed
by a presentation of disposal methods
and the characteristics of C&D debris.
The paper also presents the general options
for recycling C&D debris, including
the management of disaster debris. In
addition, technological, financial, and
as environmental issues are discussed.
19.
"Resolving
Institutional, Regulatory and Human Resource
Issues in Municipal Solid Waste Management,"
L.F. Diaz, presented at Atlas Economic
Research Foundation Conference on Poverty
and the Environment: Global Lessons -
Local Solutions, Orlando, Florida, February
1998
The management of municipal solid wastes
(MSW) is, and traditionally has been,
a primary responsibility of local governments.
In economically developing countries,
the management of MSW may use up between
30% and 50% of the total municipal budget.
Conversely, a MSW system may not generate
sufficient revenues to cover the costs
associated with the system. Solid waste
management is a complicated process that
not only requires the proper selection
and application of approaches for the
storage, collection, transport, transfer,
processing, and final disposal of the
material, but also depends upon the close
cooperation between the users, the private
sector, and governmental and non-governmental
organizations.
Furthermore, solid waste management is
a very important task that has serious
implications on public health and on the
quality of the environment. One important
negative impact is the substantial contamination
of the water supply (both surface and
underground). Most urban centers in developing
countries are not properly managing their
municipal solid wastes. A large fraction
of the wastes is not collected and is
disposed illegally in empty lots, rivers,
or drainage canals. Wastes that are collected
typically are disposed in open dumps.
Final disposal sites usually are not managed
properly, the wastes are not compacted
or covered, and periodically they are
set on fire. In addition, the presence
of animals is common and a large number
of scavengers generally are allowed to
recover materials from the wastes under
very difficult and unhealthy conditions.
A number of issues must be addressed in
order to appropriately manage the solid
wastes generated in developing countries.
Generally, most proposed solutions concentrate
on technical matters and ignore non-technical
considerations. In many cases, the technical
solutions are not appropriate and last
only a few months. In order to provide
sustainable solutions to solid waste management
issues, professionals should also deal
with a number of non-technical aspects.
Some of the most important ones are: development
of a sound, achievable, and reliable national
policy; preparation and implementation
of adequate institutional arrangements;
issuance and enforcement of appropriate
and modern regulations; and motivation
and training of human resources. These
issues generally are the responsibility
of the national government. This paper
presents a brief discussion of each one
of these issues follows.
20.
"Landfill Technology
in the United States," L.F. Diaz,
G.M. Savage, and R.K. Ham, ISWA Times,
3:12-15, 1997
Landfill practices in the United States
currently are driven by regulatory requirements
and by design and operating practices
that conform to the regulations. This
paper presents the current regulatory
setting in the country, as well as the
various types of generic landfill technologies
presently in use (i.e., dry and wet cell).
Finally, a summary of the current situation
is presented.
21.
"Implementation
of the Hierarchy of Solid Waste Management
Under Low-Economic Conditions,"
L.F. Diaz, presented at 7th ISWA International
Congress and Exhibition, Yokohama, Japan,
October 1996
The traditional hierarchy of reduction,
recycling, incineration, and landfilling
that has been proposed, and is often utilized,
in some industrialized countries is extremely
difficult to adopt and implement under
low-economy conditions. Although, in principle,
there is general consensus on the hierarchy,
the difficulty of implementation arises
from a number of reasons. This paper discusses
the obstacles faced by implementing the
hierarchy in locations with limited economic
resources. In addition, the paper proposes
some means of achieving proper solid waste
management objectives with limited resources
and without rigidly adhering to the suggested
hierarchy as proposed in industrialized
countries.
22.
"The Need for
Education in Solid Waste Management in
Developing Countries," L.F. Diaz,
presented at 7th ISWA International Congress,
Yokohama, Japan, October 1996
Population growth and migration from rural
into urban areas are placing substantial
stress on the capacity of municipalities
to provide basic services to their inhabitants.
Although essential to public health and
environmental protection, solid waste
management is extremely unsatisfactory
in most cities in developing countries.
Major problems associated with poor management
of solid wastes involve the lack of human
resources and the unavailability of reliable
information pertinent to those countries.
Education is a critical ingredient for
the development and sustainability of
solid waste management strategies. This
paper presents an overview of the current
situation regarding education in solid
waste management in developing countries.
The paper proposes formal and informal
approaches to address the need for education,
including continuing education and training
for laborers and technicians.
23. "Global
Warming Potential from Solid Wastes Disposed
in South America," G.M. Savage
and L.F. Diaz, presented at 19th International
Madison Waste Conference, Madison, Wisconsin,
September 1996
The predominantly uncontrolled disposal
of solid wastes in South America generates
substantial quantities of carbon dioxide
and methane and thus contributes to global
warming. Heretofore, estimates of gaseous
emissions from land disposal of solid
waste in developing countries, including
those in South America, have been based
predominantly on lumped, macroscopic parameters,
such as volume of methane produced per
unit mass of solid waste, with little
attention paid to the circumstances surrounding
disposal of waste on the land or to the
characteristics of solid wastes generated
in developing countries. The estimates
of methane presented in this paper are
a departure from the usual methods, examining
instead the fundamental governing aspects
of gas generation, namely the composition
and ultimate analysis of the waste and
the anaerobic reaction. Using data collected
by the authors on waste composition and
properties and other data, estimates of
carbon dioxide and methane emissions are
made assuming anaerobic decomposition
as a consequence of land disposal of solid
wastes. Estimates are presented by country
and cumulatively for the South American
continent.
Also examined in the analysis are the
potential beneficial effects of certain
waste management strategies, such as aerobic
composting. The potential benefits are
derived from a reduction in global warming
potential as a consequence of shifting
the conversion of carbon during decomposition
of biodegradable organic wastes from methane
to carbon dioxide.
24.
"Pretreatment
Options for Waste-to-Energy Facilities,"
L.F. Diaz and G.M. Savage, Solid Waste
Management: Thermal Treatment & Waste-to-Energy
Technologies, VIP-53, proceedings
of International Technologies Conference,
Washington DC, April 1995, Air & Waste
Management Association, 1996
This paper describes various options available
for processing MSW before the material
is introduced to waste-to-energy facilities.
Specifically, the paper reviews the type
of equipment currently available for the
recovery of resources from the waste stream.
In addition, the paper discusses other
matters that in many cases are ignored
but are extremely important for the design
of the processes. Some of these matters
include the use of reliable waste characterization
data during conceptual design and definition
of the properties and specifications of
the recovered materials and/or energy
forms (e.g., RDF). Finally, the paper
discusses other factors that have a critical
impact on the facility such as potential
environmental consequences of pretreatment
of the waste before its combustion in
waste-to-energy facilities.
25.
"Landfill Mining,"
L.F. Diaz and G.M. Savage, The World
Resource Foundation Technical Brief,
1995
It is well known that siting new landfills
or expanding existing ones has become
an increasingly difficult task. Landfill
mining and reclamation (LFMR) offers a
viable alternative to this difficult task.
Landfill mining and reclamation is a process
whereby solid wastes, which have been
landfilled, are excavated and processed.
This paper presents the history of landfill
mining, some case studies conducted in
the United States, and various approaches
to the process. The status of landfill
mining in the United States and in other
countries is reviewed and typical processing
operations are described.
26.
"Compost Marketing
in the United States," L.L. Eggerth
and L.F. Diaz, Proceedings of BIOWASTE
'92, organized by The Danish Waste
Management Association (DAKOFA), sponsored
by ISWA and IAWPRC, Herning, Denmark,
June 1992
Due to the scarcity of landfill space
and the high cost of landfilling, programs
to compost municipal solid waste and yard
wastes are rapidly gaining popularity
in the United States. There is a growing
awareness of the important role that marketing
plays in the ultimate effectiveness of
a composting program, and of the need
to produce a consistently high-quality
compost product and to implement an aggressive
marketing program. A number of states
are developing compost classification
schemes to control the safety and to enhance
the marketability of compost from waste
products.
27.
"Physical and
Chemical Processes for Solid Waste Treatment
Applied to a Crewed Space Habitat,"
G.M. Savage, presented at the NASA Symposium
on Waste Processing in Space for Advanced
Life Support, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, California, September 1990,
Waste Management & Research,
9(5):389-394, October 1991
Solid wastes can be processed for material
and energy recovery using a number of
unit operations and system approaches.
The selection and configuration of unit
operations and systems depend upon the
characteristics of the wastes to be processed
and the uses for recovered secondary materials
and for recovered energy forms. The discussion
focuses on the types of materials and
forms of energy potentially recoverable
from solid wastes, waste processing and
conversion systems, and design considerations.
28.
"Market Analysis
for Multi-Compost Products,"
L.L. Eggerth, L.F. Diaz, and S. Gurkewitz,
presented at the Eighth Annual Resource
Recovery Conference, sponsored by the
U.S. Conference of Mayors/National Resource
Recovery Association, Washington DC, March
1989, BioCycle, 30(5):29-34, May
1989
Marketing plays a key role in the ultimate
effectiveness of a composting operation,
or of any other method of resource recovery.
Securing a market for the compost product
accomplishes two primary objectives. The
first of these objectives is to provide
a use for the end product and lessen the
quantity of waste requiring landfilling.
Although the process of composting results
in volume reduction, the value of a program
would be at least partially negated if
it became necessary to landfill the end
product. A secondary objective, and one
that is not realized in many compost operations,
would be to provide revenue from the sale
of the compost. Any revenues obtained
from selling the compost product would
serve to offset the cost of processing.
29.
"Production
of Refuse-Derived Fuel," G.M.
Savage, presented at The Application of
U.S. Water and Air Pollution Control Technology
in Korea Seminar, sponsored by the Korean
Environmental Preservation Association
(KEPA) and the U.S. Trade and Development
Program (USTDP), Seoul, Republic of Korea,
May 1989
Using a number of unit operations, the
combustible portion of mixed municipal
solid waste can be recovered by mechanical
processing as a refuse-derived fuel having
a heating value in the range of 11,60
to 15,800 J/g. The fuel can be produced
in a loose or a densified form to meet
requirements for transportation, as well
as those of the end user. The predominant
unit operations applicable to recovery
of refuse-derived fuel are size reduction,
magnetic separation, screening, air classification,
and densification. The process designer
selects the configuration of the unit
operation based upon the characteristics
of the refuse and the required fuel specification.
An inherent advantage of mechanical processing
is that the resulting fuel properties
are substantially of higher quality and
of less variability than those of unprocessed
mixed municipal waste.
30.
"Assessment
of Non-Regulated Hazardous Wastes in the
Seattle Area," G.M. Savage and
H. Sharpe, Waste Management & Research,
5(2):159-171, 1987
The results of a quantitative study to
assess the extent and degree of non-regulated
hazardous waste present in municipal solid
waste generated in King County, Washington
are reported. A major objective of the
study was to ascertain the health and
environmental impacts of non-regulated
hazardous waste within the County's collection,
transport, and disposal systems and to
formulate policies for managing non-regulated
hazardous waste within the context of
the County's solid waste management master
plan. The study sampled municipal waste
disposed at seven transfer stations in
the county for the purpose of identifying
the types and concentrations of non-regulated
hazardous waste. Subsequent to the field
sampling work and the conduct of the laboratory
analyses, a risk assessment was performed
to determine the types and degree of risk
associated with the levels of non-regulated
hazardous waste found in the waste stream.
The assessment included the areas of occupational
health and safety, of public health, and
of environmental impact.
31.
"Unit Process
Models for Potential Subsystems of Energy-Agro-Waste
Complexes," L.F. Diaz, J.C. Glaub,
and C.G. Golueke, Proceedings, 16th
Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference, Paper No. 819245, August
1981
The mass and energy input and output streams
of various agricultural, waste treatment,
and energy production processes were quantified
and models developed to serve in the engineering
analysis of energy and waste utilization
schemes. The unit process models can be
integrated into energy-agro-waste complexes
in which the wastes of various processes
are used as inputs to others. The models
provide a means of determining the sizing
of subsystems, the compatibility of subsystems,
and the overall feasibility of an integrated
complex.
32.
"Biogasification
of Municipal Solid Wastes," L.F.
Diaz, G.M. Savage, G.J. Trezek, and C.G.
Golueke, Proceedings of the Ninth National
ASME Waste Processing Conference,
May 1980, Transactions of the ASME: Journal
of Energy Resources Technology, 103, June
1981
A series of experiments on the anaerobic
digestion of the organic fraction of municipal
refuse was performed. The refuse fraction
used in the study was one of the portions
segregated in a resource recovery system
developed at the University of California,
Berkeley. The scale of experiments included
4-, 9-, and 1600-L digesters. The refuse
used as feed was enriched by the addition
of raw sewage sludge in various ratios,
i.e., from 0% to 100% of the total volatile
solids. No other sources of nutrients
or chemicals for pH control were introduced
into the reactors. Organic loading rates
ranged from 1.1 to 6.4 g of volatile solids/L*d.
Typical hydraulic detention times were
15 to 30 days. Temperatures were kept
within the range of 72° to 104°F
(22° to 40°C). Digestion efficiency
was based on energy conversion and gas
production.
33. "Energy
Recovery Through Utilization of Thermal
Wastes in an Energy-Urban-Agro-Waste Complex,"
L.F. Diaz and G.J. Trezek, Proceedings
Waste Heat Management and Utilization
Conference, University of Miami, May
1977
A quantitative description of the inter-relationships
between energy production and conservation,
agriculture, and waste treatment are given.
This area of study, more conveniently
referred to as the energy-urban-agro-waste
complex, is an emerging technology that
is stimulated by the realization that
there are finite limits to material, energy,
and land resources.
Solid, liquid, and thermal waste contain
sizeable amounts of energy which, if properly
harvested, can provide new sources of
energy as well as alleviating certain
disposal problems. The genesis of the
modeling stems from the needs of the community
or population center, which requires energy
and food, and gives off solid and liquid
wastes.
The analysis procedure provides the capability
of analyzing the fact that wastes generated
by one system could become part of the
feedstock for other systems. The details
of the material and energy balance are
given for two possible configurations
of the energy-urban-agro-waste complex.
In one configuration, the heat rejected
from a power plant is utilized by an evaporative
pad greenhouse agricultural system, as
well as for thermal maintenance of sludge
digesters. The products from waste processing
are returned back to the power plant as
an energy source.
Other by-products, such as CO2 from digestion,
are utilized for agro enhancement. Agricultural
wastes are also recycled as an energy
source. The other configuration that was
investigated involves the use of waste
heat in the production of algae for animal
feed, as well as deriving other products
from the cellulosic content of the waste
stream.
